To assess the prevalence of headache among university students in various universities in Egypt and to investigate its effects on their academic and social lives.
Headache disorders are prevalent health issues, with studies indicating high lifetime and point prevalence rates, particularly among university students. These conditions can significantly impact students' academic performance, leading to absenteeism, reduced productivity, and more discipline failures. Understanding the prevalence and effects of headaches is crucial to support students' overall well-being and academic success.
The cross-sectional data of university students was obtained by online or offline survey. We performed a pilot study to make sure the questions were easy-to-understand for the Egyptian community. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to test the reliability and internal consistency of each scale. We also performed logistic regression to investigate the association between headache and academic performance, daily activity, quality of life, productivity, and sleep patterns of participants.
This study included 3720 young adults. In the multivariable model, medical students (OR = 1.65, p < 0.001), females (OR = 2.89, p < 0.001), and older students had higher odds of headaches. Smoking was associated with less headaches in binary model (OR = 0.64, p = 0.046), but the frequency of headaches was not associated with smoking (p > 0.05). The highest frequency of headaches was in a dose–response manner with severe HIT-6 score (OR = 2.58 to 3.65, p < 0.001) and lower quality of life scores (B = –1.61 to –3.01, p < 0.001) and were also related to sleep patterns (all p < 0.001). The GPA was not statistically significant.
Overweight/obesity increased headache frequency while smoking appeared to have a protective association for all rather than the frequency. There may be opportunities to reduce headache burden, especially through addressing sleep, weight, and other modifiable factors in this population.